Medical Debt, Credit Impact and Options to Deal with It

Almost 1 in 5 Americans have medical debt in collections, according to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).

Left unresolved, medical debt can negatively affect your credit. A CFPB finalized a rule in 2025 to remove an estimated $49 billion in unpaid medical bills from credit reports. The rule also would have prevented medical bills from appearing on reports going forward. The courts challenged, then overturned the rule.

As it stands, unpaid medical debt greater than $500 can be reported to creditors.

Paying off medical debt isn’t as clear-cut as resolving other forms of debt, such as a loan or credit card.

To start, look over your medical bill and compare it with your explanation of benefits, if you have insurance. Figure out what you’re expected to pay — but don’t just take the amount at face value: You can always try to negotiate the total cost.

Be upfront about what you can pay when working with your health-care provider. If you don’t have insurance, you might be charged more than someone who does. Knowing there’s a price disparity can give you leverage.

“That can be useful for negotiation when you actually have to pay the bill,” says Chi Chi Wu, director of consumer reporting and data advocacy at the National Consumer Law Center. “Tell them you’ll pay what BlueCross or Medicaid would pay.”

Below are additional strategies that may help you pay off your medical bills.

Many medical providers, including physicians, dentists and hospitals, can work out a no- or low-interest payment plan for your medical bills. This is one of the simplest and most common ways to resolve a bill you can’t afford in one payment. Call to see what they can do.

It depends on your bill amount and the terms you negotiate. You can generally break the bill into multiple equal payments over a few months until the total is covered. Ask if there are billing charges or other fees associated with a payment plan.

Other credit options include:

Personal loans: A medical loan for healthcare expenses can help you consolidate medical expenses or pay for emergency or planned procedures.

Getting a personal loan to help you pay your medical bills may be best after you’ve exhausted other options, such as a payment plan or medical credit card. That’s because it also comes with risks of additional interest, fees and negative credit score impact if you miss payments. Loan amounts typically range from $1,000 to $100,000.

A traditional 0% interest credit card: You’ll need good to excellent credit to qualify for this option. Pay off your balance before the promotional interest period ends and an interest rate kicks in.

Dedicate the card only to medical bills if you go this route. Otherwise, it’ll be harder to keep records of the expenses for possible tax deductions or a medical savings account.

If you have medical bills in collections, you may be able to negotiate down the cost on your own.

For medical bills in collections, know that debt collectors generally buy debts for pennies on the dollar. Try to negotiate to pay less than owed. Comb through your medical bills and spot any charges that seem wrong or too high, then follow up persistently with customer service representatives.

You might have a choice between a lump sum and a payment plan. Make sure you can afford what you agree to do.

If you’ve had an extended stay in the hospital or an intensive procedure, you’re probably facing a mountain of medical bills.

You can hire a medical bill advocate to negotiate the debt on your behalf. Advocates are experts in medical billing who know how to read health care bills and understand common costs for procedures. They can spot potential errors or overcharging and help you reduce the amount you owe.

Watch for predators and scams when going this route. Make sure you know who you are talking to and how they work before sharing your information.

Check that any fees charged by a medical bill advocate would be outweighed by the savings before signing up for a plan.

Similar to a standard payment plan, an income-driven hardship plan can break the total amount you owe into more manageable, regular payments or even forgive the debt altogether. Talk with your provider to see if it offers such a plan; all nonprofit hospitals offer some form of charity care. You may have to apply for Medicaid before being eligible.

There are public programs and private organizations that may be able to help you tackle your medical bills if you aren’t able to do it on your own. These organizations can provide education on the kinds of financial assistance available, and may offer resources for things like prescriptions.

Search online and also ask your health provider or medical bill advocate for additional resources for paying your medical bills.

Here are a few organizations that may help with medical costs through grants and other assistance:

Take initiative on your medical debt: You may be tempted to jump at a quick fix for your medical debt — or to ignore it entirely. Doing so could cost you more in interest and may put your credit scores at risk. Taking a proactive approach to paying off your medical bills can help you avoid delinquent medical debt on your credit report.

Validate the details of the debt: It may also be worthwhile to verify that the medical debt you owe is valid and that it belongs to you. Debt collectors are legally obligated to inform you of the name of the creditor, the amount owed, and how you can dispute the debt.